Assessment of nitrate levels in soil and water quality for sustainable agriculture in district Muzaffargarh, Pakistan

Abstract

This research study focuses on assessing the levels of nitrate (NO₃-) in soil and groundwater in various regions of district Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. Nitrate, a compound comprising one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms, can accumulate in soil due to nitrogen fertilizer application and potentially leach into groundwater, leading to contamination problems. The study collected soil samples at different depths from tehsil Muzaffargarh, Kot Adu, Ali Pur, and Jatoi to analyze nitrate concentrations. The results indicated that nitrate levels varied across depths, with the highest concentrations observed at 60-90 cm. Nitrate tended to decrease at greater depths (90-120 cm) due to capillary action, which transported nitrates upward with water movement. Water samples from canals and underground sources were also analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and ion concentrations. The canal water was found suitable for irrigation, while the underground water was marginally fit. Hence, this study provides valuable insights into the distribution of nitrate in soil profiles and water sources in district Muzaffargarh. It suggests that current nitrate levels do not pose immediate contamination risks, but ongoing monitoring and responsible agricultural practices are essential to maintain safe nitrate levels in both soil and groundwater. © 2019 The Author(s)